Chromatography Types Or Techniques - 993 Words

Chromatography – Types or Techniques Ravina Pandita Department of Biotechnology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, India Email: ravinapandita@gmail.com Abstract: Chromatography is a technique which is used to separate different type of mixtures on the basis of some specific property. The property may be charge, size, hydrophobicity etc. It can be used to prepare small quantities of material by analysing them and purifying them. It is the most widespread and versatile technique used for separation of small quantities of material. This review paper after taking into consideration some major studies provides a brief knowledge about Chromatography, steps involved in chromatography and various techniques of chromatography by separation techniques. Four types of chromatography is discussed, in which separation of mixture is done on charge, size, hydrophobicity and pressure.These four types are most commonly used for separation of biotechnology products at a large scale. Chromatography is a vast topic, through this paper we focus on just the part related to separation of small quantities of mixtures. Study of chromatography on the whole is beyond relevance here. Keywords: Chromatography, Separation, Mixtures, Techniques, Types, Molecules, HPLC, Charge, Size, Hydrophobicity, Purification Introduction: Mixture consists of different materials which move with different speeds thus causing them to separate from each other. In a basic chromatographicShow MoreRelatedGas Chromatography And High Performance Liquid Chromatography1351 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: 3 Gas Chromatography (GC) 3 Gas- solid chromatography 3 Gas-liquid chromatography 3 Advantages: 3 Disadvantages: 3 High performance liquid Chromatography (HPLC) 4 Advantages: 4 Disadvantages: 4 Part B: 5 Introduction 5 References 6 Part A: Introduction: Forensic Chemistry involves a variety of different techniques in which have the ability to analyse samples found on crime scene, one set of techniques is that of chromatography. Chromatography is a process commonlyRead MoreChromatography : A Laboratory Technique1629 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Chromatography, which was originally discovered and developed by Mikhail Semenovich Tswett in the early 1900s, is a laboratory technique used to separate and distinguish between components of a mixture. The various components of a sample mixture are known as analytes. Chromatography was originally used to separate the various molecules that make up plant pigmentation. Because these components, carotenes, chlorophyll, and xanthophylls, are different colors, the separation of them isRead MoreLab 04 - Chromatography and Ionic vs Covalent Bonds1417 Words   |  6 PagesStudent ID: 4593119 Date: 7 Dec 2014 Course and Section Number: SCIN131 A004 Fall 14 Lesson 4 Lab: Chromatography and Ionic versus Covalent Bonds PART 1 Begin by viewing the following Thinkwell video 15.1.3   CIA Demonstration: Chromatography After you watch the above video, answer the questions below in sufficient detail: (a) (3 pts.) This video discusses 3 different types of chromatography. List each one mentioned, and describe their differences in as much detail as possible (your pointsRead MoreThe Effects Of Color Additives On Food Color1561 Words   |  7 Pagesloops over, bland, naturally colored cereal. Chromatography is the term for the laboratory techniques used in the separation of mixtures. The mixture is dissolved in a fluid, which is called the mobile phase. The mobile phase carries the mixture through a structure holding another material, which is called the stationary phase. The various components of the mixture travel at different speeds, which causes them to separate. Chromatography is technique generally used for chemical analysis in scientificRead MoreInvestigating The Substances Of Water Chromatography1350 Words   |  6 Pageswhich toxic ions might be present in a sample. Chromatography is one of the first tools used in such situations. In this technique, many types of mixtures can be separated into the component pure substances; by comparison to a standard sample, each component substance can also be tentatively identified. Many varieties of chromatography exist, each one designed to separate specific types of mixtures. The common feature of each type of chromatog raphy is that a mobile phase (a liquid or gas) is pushedRead MoreExperiment Chromatography : Using The Concentration Of Compounds And Helps Identify The Substances Within It1417 Words   |  6 PagesChromatography Different types of Chromatography Paper chromatography Paper chromatography is a method of testing the purity of compounds and helps identify the substances within it. Using the paper chromatography is a useful and simple technique as it is relatively quick and requires small quantities of material. Paper chromatography separates colours, this also happens in the thin layer chromatography. Using the paper chromatography method, substances the distribution between stationary phase andRead MoreTechniques Used By Analytical Chemist For The Creation Of Ions From A Sample1454 Words   |  6 Pages Electrospray is the technique that is used by analytical chemist for the creation of ions from a sample. The technique uses electricity to form an exceptionally fine liquid aerosol. Other techniques that were used before electrospray used gas to form these aerosols for analyses. Electrospray is particularly useful over using gas because it is a soft ionization technique. Soft ionization techniques ionize the sample with minor fragmentation of the molecule, giving an observable molecular ion forRead MoreThe Light Energy Absorbed By Colored Compounds1429 Words   |  6 PagesExperiment 4.1, dilutions of PNP are prepared, and the Bradford Method was used to measure protein concentration. There are different types of chromatography, and we would be using gel filtration and affinity. Chromatography is defined as the separation of molecules based on properties such as molecular mass, charges or solubility. In Experiment 5.1, gel filtration chromatography was used to separate molecules based on their molecular mass. The stationary phase in the column contains tiny pores, those thatRead MoreDetection or Identification of Trace Amounts of Explosives1624 Words   |  6 PagesThe detection and/or identification of trace amounts of explosives. The review of each method should include a description of the way the method works and the advantages and drawbacks of the technique. Introduction An explosive, are reactive substances that contain a large amount of potential energy that can yield an explosion if they are released rapidly, they are accompanied by the production of light, heat, sound, and pressure. Mainly used in the mining industry for extraction of mineralsRead MoreGas Chromatography And Petroleum Industry840 Words   |  4 PagesGas chromatography in petroleum industry Its became a vital analytical tool in virtually every part of the petroleum industry, from finding crude oil to research in new petrochemicals, due to the various types of samples, chemists within the petroleum industry use gas chromatographic methods. Petroleum analysis makes special use of columns for gas chromatography, with industries expecting continues development of columns for high analytical performances and efficiency. GC Analysis of petroleum

Neurofibromatosis - 946 Words

Neurofibromatosis My disorder research paper is about neurofibromatosis, which is a genetically-inherited disorder in which the nerve tissue grows tumors that may cause serious damage by compressing nerves and other tissues. The disorder affects all neural cells such as the Schwann cells and melanocytes. The melanocytes function abnormally in this disease, resulting to disordered skin pigmentation. The tumors would be able to cause bumps under the skin, colored spots, skeletal problems, and other neurological problems. Neurofibromatosis is also an autosomal dominant disorder, which means that only one copy of the affected gene is needed for the disorder to develop. In this case if there were only one parent who has neurofibromatosis,†¦show more content†¦In the case of NF-2, however, final results are similar among family members; a strong genotype-phenotype correlation is believed to exist. Both NF 1 and NF 2 can also appear to be spontaneous de novo mutations, with no fami ly history. These cases account for about one half of neurofibromatosis cases. Neurofibromatosis-1 is found in approximately 1 in 2,500-3,000 live births (carrier incidence 0.0004, gene frequency 0.0002) and is more common than NF-2. There are no cures or treatments for this disorder; but the only therapy for patients with neurofibromatosis is a program of treatment by a team of specialists to manage symptoms or complications. Surgery may be needed when the tumors compress organs or other structures. Less than 10% of people with neurofibromatosis develop cancerous growths. Although there is no cure for NF, the Neurofibromatosis Association is optimistic there will be an effective treatment within the next five to ten years. For families with NF, genetic screening and counseling is available. The history of the disease was first described in 1882 by the German pathologist, Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen. Recklinghausen was successful in generating some of the most descriptive m edical observations of his time, making him the first person toShow MoreRelatedNeurofibromatosis Essay804 Words   |  4 PagesNeurofibromatosis Neurofibromatosis is a disorder affecting the chromosomes of the human body. It is a hereditary disorder affecting the nervous system. The term neurofibromatosis actually refers to two different genetic diseases. The most common type is NF 1, and the less common type is NF 2. Both disorders are transmitted in an autosomal dominant fashion. An autosomal dominant disease is a disorder caused by the presence of a single autosomal dominant gene; an abnormal factor locatedRead MoreA Brief Look at Neurofibromatosis534 Words   |  2 Pagesgenes are called alleles, having 2 alleles for each gene. When we use alleles when we consider genetic diseases’ allele is dominant or recessive. Neurofibromatosis is a genetic disorders of the nervous system, it can be passed by a parent or it can happen because of a mutation (change) in your genes. This diseases has three cases, neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and type 2 (NF2) and rarely schwannomatosis. NF is considered an autosomal dominant disease, which means that people with this conditionRead MoreHistory Of Neurofibromatosis Type 1 ( Nf1 )776 Words   |  4 PagesNeurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is the most prevalent inherited disease that predisposes cells to be tumorigenic. Disruption of the NF1 gene abolishes the encoded protein neurofibromin that normally converts active Ras-GTP to inactive Ras-GDP, leading to hyperactive Ras signaling and tumorigenesis. To date the NF1 pathogenesis still remains unclear and no effective drugs have been developed for routine clinical treatment. Human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells derived from NF1 patients harboringRead MoreVon Recklinghausen s Disease : An Autosomal Dominant Disorder992 Words   |  4 Pagesdisorder is neurofibromatosis type one (NF1) (Reynolds, Browning, Nawroz, Campbell, 2003). NF1 is estimated to affect approximately one in every 3,000 people (Reynolds, Browning, Nawroz, Campbell, 2003). Since the mid 1900s, medical researchers, genetic scientists, and neuroscientists have been working to learn as much as possible about this disease. Etiology The etiology of NF1 has been thoroughly investigated and there is substantial knowledge on the topic. Neurofibromatosis type one isRead MoreEssay On Astrocytic Hamartomas930 Words   |  4 Pagesgenes6. The lesions can appear in a variety of organs including the brain, eyes, heart, kidneys, lungs, or skin6. Differentiating diseases based on retinal astrocytic hamartomas alone is difficult due to their similar appearance to lesions in neurofibromatosis type 1, or the retinoblastomas6. The lesions can vary in size and appearance throughout the body, and despite the lesions being benign; patients will often require treatment in a multitude of areas due to the accompanying symptoms or secondaryRead MoreA Newly Recognized Condition1266 Words   |  6 PagesResolved Sudden Hearing Loss. The Annals of Otology, Rhinology Laryngology 112.5 (2003): 395-7. ProQuest. Web. 10 Oct. 2014. Neurology and Neurosurgery. Johns Hopkins Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis (NF) Center, n.d. Web. 7 Oct. 2014. http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/neurology_neurosurgery/centers_clinics/neurofibromatosis/schwannomatosis/. Schwannomatosis: A Newly Recognized Tumor-Predisposing Condition. Neurosciences Update 2nd ser. 8 (2011): 1-2. Mayo Clinic. Web. 10 Oct. 2014. http://www.mayoclinicRead MoreEssay On Whole Genome Sequencing1226 Words   |  5 Pagesdisorders and the severity of the neurological disorders they were associated with. Software such as UCSC, predict protein and SIFT were used to predict protein structure and function for the proposed mutated DNA sequences. Neurofibromatosis Introduction Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant disease that is extremely complex but involves the growth of tumors along the central nervous system (Jett and Friedman, 2010). NF1 encodes a tumor suppressor called neurofibromin which is non-functionalRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder728 Words   |  3 Pagesor cytomegalovirus) in the manifestation of autism. (Libbey 2005; Autism Society) Identifying the genetic roots of autism has also been difficult. Certain genetic syndromes have high rates of autism (fragile X, 22q13 deletion syndrome, Downs, neurofibromatosis, Angelman, Prader Willi). Nevertheless, not all individuals with these gene mutations are autistic. Copy-number variations can lead to autism. (Sebat 2007) It has also been speculated that the lack of topoisomerase inhibitors can lead to ASDRead MoreBrain Disorders Affecting Children812 Words   |  4 Pagesare mostly unknown, another challenge is how to mechanistically link these new genetic findings to the disease processes that ultimately lead to symptoms. The successful cases come from studies on monogenic disorders, such as Rett syndrome, neurofibromatosis (NF), tuberous sclerosis (TS) and fragile X syndrome (FXS). For many years, the prevailing view has been that NDDs cannot be cured because the affected biological processes cannot be undone. Nevertheless, studies from Rett mouse models have demonstratedRead MoreAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - 11013 Words   |  5 Pagesthe probability that they could get a genetic disorder. The thing that makes us different is the genetic sequence. There are many different types of genetic disorders. A few of them are: Angleman syndrome, Hemophilia, Sickle-cell disease, Neurofibromatosis, Cri du chat, and Down syndrome. People are born with these diseases and have to face many challenges every day to live with these genetic mutations. This essay is going to specifically cover one genetic disorder called Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Introduction Multi-brand Direct Selling System Free Essays

string(48) " and strategies of the direct selling business\." Direct selling is the sale of a consumer product or service, person-to-person, away from a fixed retail location, marketed through independent sales representatives who are sometimes also referred to as consultants, distributors or other titles. Just about any product or service can be purchased through direct selling somewhere In the world. Many people think of cosmetics, wellness products and home d ©cord as products that are often sold through direct sales, but add to that countless other product categories including kitchen products, jewelry, clothing, organic gardening applies, spa products, scrapbook supplies, rubber stamps and more. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction: Multi-brand Direct Selling System or any similar topic only for you Order Now During the past couple of years, Callahan City has catered the location and opportunities for business ventures. Some of the said businesses that have taken their bloom are In direct selling market. Callahan City opened Its gateways to direct selling companies like Nathan, MESS, Departure Brands, Avon, Personal Collection and many others, which became the norms and extra sources of income for some of the household mothers across the province. Having Callahan City as the location of choice for the ranches of these brand names, multi-brand outlets from other municipalities sprout. Direct selling outlets, are managed by individual members registered in a brand, which gained their own set of dealers. At first, a member will need to register Is a brand. Or example, he/she needs to be a registered dealer for Nathan to place an order directly to the Nathan branch. A Nathan dealer will have an option of purchasing the product by cash, with 22% discount, or placing an order by credit which will give him/her 2 months to pay benefit. In purchasing products by cash, there are no limits on purchase amount and no additional requirements. However, if a dealer wants to place an order by credit, he/she needs to have a checking account from any bank available within the country. The Nathan branch will get at least 10 blank checks Initially which postdated 2 months after the date of order. By doing these, Nathan branch will have a way to collect the amount needed for the placed order when the due date arrives. Initially, a registered Nathan dealer will have a maximum credit limit of UP, 000 which means that he can only order 22,000 worth of products by credit with corresponding 22% discount on all products. By time, this reedit Limit will Increase If Nathan recognized them as good payer (without past due records). Bilaterally, as his/her credit Increase, he/she can recruit new dealers under his/her name, on which can order directly from branch (which will follow the same procedure and requirements of the branch) or order from him. If a dealer/member reach a goal of either PEP,OHO within a single month or PEP,OHO within 2 months, he/ she will be promoted as a Fashion Pro(step higher than a dealer). With this, his initial 22% discount will be upgraded to 40%. By having this kind of benefit, a dealer can circuit more dealers under his/her name, on which will place order to him (not from he can give his/her own dealer the 22% discount a new dealer is entitled to, and still keep 18% additional discount which will serve as his/her own revenue. By doing this, and he can now be categorized as a distributor. A distributor creates her own outlet which will then be the place for her own dealers to go to, inquire, place a product order and pay their dues. Similar procedures are applied on almost every other direct selling brand like Departure, Avon, MESS. Direct selling outlets can manage or eater multiple brands and can manage multiple individual dealers under one distributor. The outlets are the main link of the branch and the individual dealers who are not capable of reaching branches due to the distance between them and the hustles of commuting Just to get products. Since these outlets are intended to grow, task of monitoring the order and credit limits of its own dealers also grow. At current, the distributors are using manual monitoring of their dealers credit limit, orders and payments with an old fashioned ledger system on which they manually write down the list of credits and payments of dealer. Although brand branches uses a software that is provided by the brand, the direct selling outlets are left with manual monitoring of the credits and sales of their own dealers. At current status, there is no individual automated system that is created for the uses of these outlets since individual software of the brands are use solely for the branch operation. The outlet managers are left with the redundant work for monitoring individual sales and credits and the more dealers the outlet supports, the more paperwork the manager handles, the more likely human error will append in the computation and monitoring of the said sales and credits. This study aims to lessen the time being spent in manually monitoring the sales, credits and product inventory documents by providing an accurate and automated system that will not only help handle these files and records but will also help the outlet managers see projections future sales, get the clear view of the outlets performance per month, see the dealer’s information and performance and the dealers pending dues for them to take actions and important decisions immediately. B. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK This study will consider the following theories in the design and implementation of the automated credit, sales and inventory system for direct selling distributors. This theory states that a careful planning process is necessary for direct sales people if they are to be successful. An analogy to a hurdle race seems to be appropriate to the direct sales process. If the salesperson cannot vault over each hurdle in its proper progression, he/she is unlikely to make a sale. (Gordon Stockholm 2009). This theory will support the study since the nature of the study is based on the current schemes and strategies of the direct selling business. You read "Introduction: Multi-brand Direct Selling System" in category "Papers" By understanding the theory, the outcome of the study will be guided accordingly in the main principles of the direct selling business. Business Management Theory This theory focuses on the principles and the practices of a business to attain its desired organizational goals conducting effective management. It is a range of approaches including the principles of accounting, public relations, operations, labor relations, time management to improve the performance of a business in some measurable or provable manner. This theory will support the study in consideration of business guidelines and reminisces in which the automated monitoring will follow. In this theory, all the principles especially the accounting, operations and time management will be deeply involved in the creation and designing of the automated system for the inventory of credits and sales of direct selling outlets. The Concept of Scientific Management The concept of Scientific Management is to perform the manual Job faster than the old process of inventorying and with the efficiency of the company service in sales and marketing. This theory is applicable in the study by means of replacing the manual practices hat a multi-brand direct selling outlet is using for monitoring credits, sales and inventory for its individual and group dealers. These practices are also time consuming and there are certain errors that can’t be avoided, mostly of having human errors. The proposed automated credit, sales and inventory system for direct selling distributors will helped to recover the process and attest that the concept of scientific management is applied in the study. C. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK In generating full understanding of the whole process of direct selling business in Oriental Indoor, PIP (Input/Process/Output) model is used. Figurer . 0 describes the whole conceptual framework in which becomes the central theme, the focus, the main thrust of the study. It serves as the guide in conducting investigation. The input describes the problems encountered on the existing manual practices that a multi- brand selling outlet is using for monitoring of the sales, credits and inventory for its individual and group dealers. The input will be acquired from the data to be gathered from interviews conducted with the distributors of Direct Selling Brands. Questioners for direct selling distributors, individual dealers of these distributors ND direct selling brand/branch managers.. Advantages of current Automated System of Direct Selling Branch available and operational here in Oriental Indoor will also be taken into account. Such inputs will be process to assess the need for the development of an Automated Sales, Credit and Inventory System for Direct Selling Distributors. These inputs will also be processed to create a unified process that can be applied by the Distributors in handling and monitoring multiple direct selling products that’s under their outlets. Designing the system is to provide accuracy for ales, credits and product inventory to avoid errors in existing manual process of the said outlets. These inputs are generally considered in the formation of the automated system on which will help direst selling distributors in monitoring individual and group sales, credits as well as product inventory. D. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY General objective of the study To design an automated system for the monitoring of sales and credits of each individual of group dealers, monitoring of product inventory that will be used by any multi-brand direct selling distributor in Oriental Indoor. Specific objective of the study To find out the benefits existing automated processes of direct selling brands/branch in monitoring their group and individual credits and sales. To identify the problems encountered by the multi-brand direct selling outlet on manual monitoring of their group and individual credits and sales. To provide a unified practice in monitoring credit and sales of dealers registered under multiple Direct Selling Brands. To develop a reliable and efficient credit, sales and inventory monitoring system that will be used by any multi-brand direct selling outlets in Oriental Indoor To determine the acceptability of the proposed automated system This study will benefit the following: Outlet Managers/Distributors Automated credit, sales and inventory system for direct selling distributors can make transaction on dealers more reliable. The proposed system will also provide accurate sales inventory by providing individual or group sales report monthly. This system also serves accurate credit inventory by the use of credit statement by the distributors. With this report the direct selling distributors can gain control over the credit limit of group or individual dealers. Individual Dealers The proposed system can provide the dealers with their individual credit report so us for them to monitor their own credits. Implementing the system that monitor their own credit and sales that will help them make their own strategies. Proponents It will enhance their skills and knowledge throughout the development of the study. Future Researcher This study will be significant to other researchers since this study can serve as a reference to the conduct of similar study. F. DEFINITION OF TERMS Direct Selling Brand – Company that uses direct selling method to distribute their products. Direct Selling Distributor – Dealers of direct selling brand that acquired their own set of dealers, on which is the main link between the direct selling brand/branch and individual dealers Outlet – the on which dealers under a certain direct selling distributor place their order and pay corresponding amount dues Credit – the amount of products ordered by individual dealers on which will be paid in full after 30 days. Previous product ordered Inventory – process of monitoring products that are coming in and going out Interview Guide Direction: Please answer the following questions as honestly as you can. . How do you transact with the dealers and customers? 2. Did you find any errors on your transaction procedures? Cite an example. 3. Comment on your transaction procedures regarding its reliability, speed and accuracy. 4. Describe the method on how you monitor the credits of your individual dealers? 5. Describe the process of your payment transactions for dealers due. 6. Describe the processes on how a dealer places his/her order? 7. Did you find any problems in accurately monitoring dealer’s credit limits using the manual process? . What are the reports that you need in monitoring monthly/quarterly and yearly ales 9. What are your current processes in monitoring the product inventory? 10. Are you using any computerized system in computing the credits and sales of individual dealers, If so please state the applications that you are currently using? 1 1 . Would you consider upgrading your current process of monitoring sales and credits so as to provide you a much more accurate and speedy transactions? Name: Designation: Gender: Date: General Directions: Put a check on the corresponding rating that you can think is most appropriate. Objective No. 1: To describe the existing sales and monitoring practices at your direct ailing outlet Legend: 4 – Strongly Agree (Very Serious Problem) 3 – Agree (Moderately Serious Problem) 2 – Fairly Agree (Slightly Serious Problem) 1 – Disagree (Not a Problem) Disadvantages (present procedure) 4 3 2 The manual process of monitoring sales and credits of dealers is laborious and difficult 2. The manual process of monitoring product inventory is laborious and time consuming 3. There are errors committed when checking the sales and credits There is a tendency to lose records while compiling order documents 5. Entry errors and computation errors are likely to be committed. Objective No. 2: To determine the advantages of the propose Automated Credit, Sales and Inventory System 4 – Strongly Agree 3 – Agree 2 – Fairly Agree 1 – Disagree Advantages (proposed system) 4 An automated sales monitoring system is essential in reducing errors committed in recording. An automated credit and sales monitoring system will facilitate transaction faster. An automated inventory monitoring system is easier to manage. 4. An automated inventory, credit and sales monitoring system provides additional records security in terms of providing redundant soft and hard copy of documents An automated inventory, credit and sales monitoring system is acceptable and more reliable than the existing manual practices Questionnaires for Direct Selling Dealers The manual practice of monitoring individual sales and credits of dealers is laborious and difficult The manual practice of ordering product from outlet is laborious and time The manual practice of checking product availability from outlet is time consuming An automated sales monitoring system is essential in reducing time consumed in checking individual sales and credit details. How to cite Introduction: Multi-brand Direct Selling System, Papers

Project Procurement Management

Question: Discuss about the Project Procurement Management. Answer: Introduction The oil industry is facing considerable challenges for selling their products because the sale point of oil has decreased. The only way for the oil industry to gain profit from their business is to increase their efficiency and reduce the wastage of products. The complexity and the risk of the business have also increased because majority of the oil reserve throughout the world has been discovered and the depletion of the resource can affect the economy of the country. The report discusses about the procurement strategy and the risk associated with the oil and gas project. The strategy implemented for sourcing and outsourcing the resources required for increasing the efficiency of the current business process is also discussed in the report. Procurement strategy Different procurement strategies are applied for the advancement of the business process of the oil and gas industries. Contractual workers took after endorsed practices for straightforward outlines, to convey against cost and time objectives. Engineers having high bar for advancements ought to be decided for running distinctive operation of the business. The engineers are appointed for the calculation of the complexity that can be faced by the organization for improving the efficiency of the current business process (Badiru and Osisanya 2016). For example, the working environment of oil and gas industry is analyzed and the technology that can be implemented for the amplifying the production and reducing the cost of production is required to be selected. The resources that are available in the organization and the resources that are required to be outsourced are gathered. A project schedule is required to be prepared for proper management of the project and assigning the resources to the task. The budget is also required to be prepared for increasing the efficiency of the framework of the current business (Salazar-Aramayoet al. 2013). The project manager is responsible for monitoring the progress of the work and should have good communication skills for communicating with the higher level officials and select the best technology to increase the efficiency of the business. The following structure is required to be followed by the project development team for getting a fruitful result from the oil and gas industry. The choice of the technology is an important factor for the success of the business (Grant 2013). The structures are as follows: Formalizing the checkpoints and phases of the project Aligning the current business needs with the requirement of the project Auditing the progress of the project for elimination of risk associated with the development of the project Creation of a project budget and maintaining the cash flow for the progress of the project. Many oil organizations are justifying their obtainment connections, moving from many shallow connections to less yet more profound ones. For instance, some IOCs are attempting to spend a large portion of their acquirement spending plan with their main 40 merchants, while a couple of years prior that share may have gone to more than 250 organizations (Kelland 2014). Taken in general, these changes could return 5% on cost efficiencies. Acquisition patterns take after cycles, be that as it may, and the push for neighborhood content necessities could part the acquirement pool once more. On the off chance that nearby substance endeavors are to prevail over the long haul, NOCs and other oil and gas organizations should work with neighborhood providers to manufacture a solid establishment of bolster administrations. Better devices can likewise enhance acquirement (Yusuf et al. 2014). One organization reclassified its agreement work breakdown into related contracting modules, permitting it to reassign some temporary worker occupations and spare 13% on products and enterprises (Al Hammadi and Bernard 2016). Worldwide organizations ought to likewise endeavor to oversee providers at the worldwide level and guarantee that they are working with the provider's A group, which includes esteem (and lessens dissatisfaction).Preparation of contact with the stakeholders associated with the project and insuring the final product from any disaster can also increase the efficiency of the oil and gas industry. Strategic sourcing and outsourcing The efficiency of the oil and gas industry can be increased and the cost of operation can be decreased by following some of the business procedures such as outsourcing the technical component required for the oil exploration and sourcing the man power for supervising the business resources. Small companies can be contracted for handling the technical component and suppliers must be appointed for delivering the resources. Outsourcing respects the exchange of merchandise and enterprises generation, already completed inside, to outside suppliers (de Carvalho,Patah and de Souza Bido 2015). The targets of outsourcing concern expenses and capabilities. As respects the previous, outsourcing ?rms go for lessening direct operating costs, although it ought to be noted that cost decreases in the short run are counterbalanced by a reliable cost development because of searching for supplier, setting-up contracts, transferring in-house exercises to the suppliers and managing the progressing contract to maintain a strategic distance from dangers associated with advantage in favor of the outside temporary worker (monitoring, ongoing dealing, authorizing and arrangement of agreement changes, where essential). On account of products, the coordination expenses ought to likewise be incorporated. Different deficiencies are associated with the negative impact on lead and conveyance times and exactness (Ruqaishi and Bashir 2013). As respects abilities, outsourcing ?rms go for spend significant time in center capabilities and substituting non-center skills with contribution from expert suppliers (Yazdani, Ali Soukhakian and Reza Mozaffari 2014). This viewpoint must be precisely dissected by ?rms in their outsourcing choices in view of the dangers they can bring about: on the one side, in the short run, the genuine debilitating of the arrangement of capabilities ?rms have, and, on the opposite side, the undermining to the improvement of new innovative skills later on (Ruck, Plana and Edmunds 2016), so difficult the likelihood of organizing RD, outline and assembling exercises of providers. These two dangers, if brought about, can undermine ?rms' abilities to distinguish criteria to choose and screen the best supplier, and additionally to achieve a worthy concurrence on costs and other legally binding terms: in this way, over the long haul, ?rms are required to confront higher data asymmetry issues (due to their difficulties in surveying their potential suppliers) and, therefore, higher perils of pioneering conduct (Ahiaga-Dagbuiet et al. 2017). Disregarding rising enthusiasm for the openness, inquire about on OI stays awkward in light of the fact that the absence of an acknowledged de?nition of OI prompts to equivocalness (Connicket al. 2014). Surely, writing examinations openness as per alternate points of view; the most researched is the course of openness, yet others were additionally researched: the number/sorts of accomplices and the hierarchical structures to de?ne the connections among partners. As respects the 'bearing of openness', three models develop: the inbound, investigation or outside-in process, through which ?rms go for incorporating outer information and increment their ingenuity; the outbound, misuse or back to front process, through which ?rms go for gaining pro?ts by putting up thoughts for sale to the public, offering IP, and duplicating innovation, to quickly put up thoughts for sale to the public, and the coupled procedure that consolidates the two above procedures. There are suggestions regarding ca pabilities and expenses. As respects abilities, if the obtaining of outer learning is evident for the inbound procedure, it is additionally valid for the outbound procedure in light of the fact that by and large, ?rms remotely uncover their advancements just to evoke cooperation and thoughts trading (Shuen, Feiler and Teece 2014). As respects costs, the inbound procedure suggests obtaining costs, as well as costs associated with the investigation/determination of outside wellsprings of advancement. The outbound procedure suggests costs because of the need to assemble a cognizant methodology to pick what is to be uncovered outside and to put into practice their ability to permit innovations. Supply Risk There are different risk associated with the company if it does not improve its process and the effect of the risk is equally harmful for the society and the environment. Overseeing danger and opportunity is a nonstop procedure that obliges organizations to consider the most widely recognized dangers, as well as to have encounter alleviating surprising occasions. In the oil and gas industry, it's never been more imperative to oversee wellbeing, security and natural dangers, given the rising many-sided quality of operations and the investigation by controllers and partners (Parra and Bono 2016). Identification of the risks and assessment is a nonstop procedure all through a project life cycle and over the venture portfolio, considering a systemic point of view for the project, their stages and important dangers. The oil and gas industry is currently facing problem because most of the oil reserves throughout the world has been discovered and it confront steady difficulties, particularly as far as free market activity. More focus should be given on the supply chain of the oil and gas industries and the industry must supply according to the requirement or demand in the market. Focus must be given on the resource administration and reserving the oil and gas for maintaining the business (Silvestre and Gimenes 2017). Information system must be implemented for maintaining the records of the clients and their demands and their invoice in the current system of the organization. Acquirement and production network techniques can also be implemented in the front line for resolving the basic issues arising in the management of the organizational framework. It also helps in decreasing the production cost and increase the profit percentage of the current system The oil and gas industry is vigorously subject to providers to give complex administrations and basic gear to bolster continuous tasks and operation. Moreover, contract administration and customer relationship administration can collect information for the reputation or the financial damage caused by the supplier. To enhance provider relationship administration, organizations ought to receive a technique for provider benchmarking (Francis 2015). The strength of the oil and gas industry can be increased with collaborating with the other industries and maintaining a transparency in the current business. The uneven production of the oil and gas makes the price of the oil and gas volatile and thus it have an effect on the supply chain. The transaction cost of the produced oil and gas is required to be calculated using the total cost of ownership model and it helps the organization to calculate the exact value of the produced oil and gas (Olaniran et al. 2015). The cost model is used for the calculation of different expenses of the company related with the supplier. On account of the TCO advance it is more reasonable for long term sustainability and basic resources serious gear), the distinctive expenses, consists of securing expenses, operation and support expenses, are touched base at before picking the correct provider at the focused cost. Most of the oil and gas companies have embraced measures, for example, the TCO and cost models, but all the oil and gas industries are required to be using the model for proper calculation of the production and transaction cost (Bergh et al. 2014). The areas of the supplier relationship management is required to be analyzed and shrewd approach is required to be applied for determining the influence for deciding the correct contracting and acquisition procedure. Despite the fact that innovation is oiling and gas organizations to discover and separate more oil, the supply chain network is required to be considered and the procure management that give extra genuine esteem. The Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) frameworks can be applied in the business information system for analyzing the supplier and manage the supply chain easily (Williams, Kilanski and Muller 2014). These ERP frameworks ought to oblige request estimating, stock administration, contractual worker administration, e-obtainment and ace information administration. Request determining or combination of the demand with the production is an important factor for increasing the efficiency of the current supply chain of the oil and gas industry. ERP frameworks with an oil and gas framework oriented design can be used for managing the supply chain of network and keeping track on the organizational assets used in the oil and gas industry (Ablo 2015). There has been an outlook change in the procedure that the oil and gas organizations had grasped such as; e-acquisition and demonstrated enthusiasm for e-obtainment frameworks. Indeed, even with the application of the best-in-class production network measures and frameworks, it is believed, without a group of opportune individuals, best-in-class store network rehearse can't be maintained, nor can the full advantages of inventory network truly be delighted in. Likewise with some other industries, oil and gas industries additionally needs redefine its thinking procedures and find the deficiency of production network and acquisition ability because of a maturing workforce and developing aptitude deficiencies(Olaniran et al. 2015). A portion of the measures that can be viably received are preparing and prepping of ability in basic store network capacities, foundation of an inventory network focus of magnificence and industry/the scholarly world joint effort to support production network ability. To enhance and convey best-in-class inventory network hones, IOCs/NOCs can adjust or potentially execute a portion of the down to earth measures recorded beneath: Understand the aggregate estimation of major spend classifications. This requires altogether recognizing expenses and choices over the production network for every class and deciding suitable mediations (e.g., looking for new provider, evolving determinations, changing contract terms). Building custom-fit acquirement forms which have better lucidity and connect with providers ahead of schedule simultaneously (Francis 2015). In addition, complete to implementation and operation. Managing chances over the whole expense associated with the production of oil and gas and the individual activities or items, or expenses related with the operation. Proactive dealings with the supplier and selection of applicable providers, concentrating on the manageability and arrangement and providing guarantee to the organization proprietorship and responsibility is required to be clear to providers (Ablo 2015). Automation of the organizational framework capacities is required for increasing the efficiency of the current production and minimizes the wastage of the resources. The resources must be utilized for increasing the productivity and the automation of the system reduces the changes of errors in the system. Going ahead, it is understood that, despite the fact that a portion of the inventory network best practices have streamed through the oil and gas industry, there is dependably scope for further change. Better request arranging and upgraded stock administration can help oil and gas organizations keep up oil and gas gear uptime, and thus advantage from enhanced profitability(Silvestre and Gimenes 2017). Enhanced spend classification administration and shared provider relationship administration, combined with expanded automation of exchange handling, prompts to sourcing reserve funds and distinguishing proof of optional sparing open doors. We trust that the organization of inventory network best practices, combined with the usage of a solid programming arrangement, is the route forward for oil and gas organizations to decrease expenses, and concentrate on oil and gas generation and investigation in the most improved way. It will be truly intriguing to perceive how oil and gas organizations can viably oversee nearby substance sourcing joined with the reception of best-in-class inventory network hones in 2017. Conclusion From the above report it can be concluded that analyzing the procurement strategy for the oil and gas company can help the company to choose the best strategy. The implemented strategy is required to be aligned with the current business process of the organization and the risk associated with the implementation of the strategy is required to be analyzed. The risk can arise in the oil and gas companies are documented in the report, the risk mitigation strategies are also documented which helps the organization to face multifaceted challenges. A good project management skill is required for the management of the risk and maintain a sustainable growth for the organization. References Ablo, A.D., 2015. Local content and participation in Ghana's oil and gas industry: Can enterprise development make a difference?.The Extractive Industries and Society,2(2), pp.320-327. Ahiaga-Dagbui, D.D., Love, P.E., Whyte, A. and Boateng, P., 2017. 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